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Cadwyni a Gobaith: Caethwasiaeth yn yr Oes Apostolaidd
Paperback
Ancient RomeGeneral Christianity
Publisher: Independently Published
Published: Jun 25 2026
Pages: 584
Weight: 1.70
Height: 1.18 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: Welsh
Cadwyni a Gobaith: Caethwasiaeth yn yr Oes Apostolaidd
Awdur: Mauro Tommaso De Candia
Mae'r llyfr hwn yn cynnig archwiliad hanesyddol a diwinyddol trylwyr o fyd caethwasiaeth yn y ganrif gyntaf OC, gan ganolbwyntio ar sut y gwnaeth Cristnogaeth gynnar fynd i'r afael â'r sefydliad hwn. Wedi'i rannu'n wyth rhan, mae'r astudiaeth yn cwmpasu agweddau cyfreithiol, cymdeithasol, crefyddol ac athronyddol caethwasiaeth yn yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig, gan ddadansoddi ei darddiad, ei marchnadoedd, ei chosbau, a'i heffaith ar fywyd beunyddiol caethweision.
Mae'r gwaith yn dechrau gyda disgrifiad manwl o fyd caethwasiaeth Rhufeinig, gan amlinellu ffynonellau caethweision (rhyfel, môr-ladrad, genedigaeth, dyled, a chondemniad barnwrol) a'u statws cyfreithiol fel offerynnau siarad. Yna mae'n archwilio agweddau crefyddau traddodiadol, y Saturnalia, cwltiau dirgel (Isis, Mithras, Cybele), ac athroniaeth Stoicaidd tuag at gaethwasiaeth, gan ddangos sut y cynigiodd y rhain ryddhad mewnol i gaethweision.
Mae rhan sylweddol o'r llyfr yn ymroddedig i safbwynt Iddewiaeth ar gaethwasiaeth, gan dynnu sylw at atgof yr Exodus, cyfreithiau'r blynyddoedd Sabothol a Jiwbilî, a'r amddiffyniad unigryw i gaethweision ffo. Yna mae'n ymchwilio i agwedd Iesu a'r apostolion, gan archwilio damhegion, llythyrau Paul, a'r llythyr at Philemon, gan ddadansoddi'r tensiwn rhwng nid oes mwyach gaethwas na rhydd (Galatiaid 3:28) a chaethweision, ufuddhewch i'ch meistri (Effesiaid 6:5).
Mae'r astudiaeth hefyd yn olrhain datblygiad cymunedau Cristnogol cynnar, lle roedd bedydd a'r Ewcharist yn creu gofod o gydraddoldeb, a gallai caethweision ddal swyddi gweinidogaethol. Mae'n archwilio arferion rhyddhad, brawdgarwch, ac elusen, gan ddangos sut yr ystyriwyd rhyddhau caethweision yn weithred deilwng.
Mae'r llyfr yn cloi gydag archwiliad o Dadau'r Eglwys (Origen, Ioan Chrysostom, Gregori o Nyssa), sy'n condemnio caethwasiaeth fel pechod, gan osod y sylfaen ar gyfer diddymiad Cristnogol yn y dyfodol. Mae hefyd yn ymdrin â thensiynau a gwrthddywediadau, megis dehongliadau camdriniol o'r Beibl, gormes caethweision gwrthryfelgar, a chydweithrediad yr Eglwys â'r awdurdodau i ddychwelyd ffoaduriaid.
Yn ei gyd-destun ehangach, mae Cadwyni a Gobaith yn dangos sut y ffurfiodd Cristnogaeth gynnar y syniad o ryddid ysbrydol heb ddiddymu caethwasiaeth ar unwaith, gan hau hadau a fyddai, dros ganrifoedd, yn arwain at gondemniad y sefydliad. Mae'n gyfraniad pwysig i hanes cymdeithasol, diwinyddiaeth, a'r frwydr yn erbyn gormes.
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