Open Daily: 10am - 10pm | Alley door pickup 10am - 7pm 3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
612-822-4611

  • Open Daily: 10am - 10pm
    Alley-side Pickup: 10am - 7pm

    3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
    612-822-4611

Open Daily: 10am - 10pm | Alley-side Pickup: 10am - 7pm
3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
612-822-4611
The Quantum of Forces: A Unified Framework for Fundamental Interactions: The Energy Quantum Frequency Table Based on The Energy Quantum Theory

The Quantum of Forces: A Unified Framework for Fundamental Interactions: The Energy Quantum Frequency Table Based on The Energy Quantum Theory

Li, Longji
Li, Kaisheng

Paperback

Physics

Currently unavailable to order

ISBN13: 9798265272577
Publisher: Independently Published
Published: Sep 14 2025
Pages: 292
Weight: 0.87
Height: 0.61 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
Early universe (\(\sim 10 {-36} \, \text{s}\) post-Big Bang), the quark-gluon plasma featured particles colliding randomly at near-light speeds in a high-temperature, high-density environment. As the universe expanded and cooled, quarks combined via the strong nuclear force to form protons and neutrons, creating atomic nuclei. Subsequently, electrons bonded with nuclei to form neutral atoms, enabling chemical bond formation. Ultimately, gravity drove large-scale structure formation, yielding galaxies and clusters. This aggregation process, spanning multiple temporal and spatial scales, exhibits remarkable consistency: \textbf{systems tend to redistribute energy to form more stable structures}.

Every stage of cosmic evolution involves random collisions and energy minimization. In the quark-gluon plasma, particles collided randomly, forming stable structures (e.g., protons) via the strong force. At chemical scales, atoms form molecules through random collisions, releasing energy to reach lower-energy states. At cosmological scales, initial density perturbations (\(\delta \rho / \rho \approx 10 {-5}\), confirmed by cosmic microwave background observations) amplify via gravity, forming galaxy clusters and filaments. This apparent randomness, over time and space, transforms into ordered inevitability.

Random collisions provide opportunities for aggregation, while energy minimization drives it. For example, hydrogen atoms forming \( H_2 \) release energy (\(\sim 4.5 \, \text{eV}\) binding energy) through electron cloud rearrangement, achieving a stable molecular state. Similarly, nebular collapse into stars converts gravitational potential energy into thermal and radiative energy, trending toward lower-energy states. This universal energy minimization suggests: \textbf{forces may not be isolated entities but dynamic manifestations of energy redistribution}. This theory proposes that all forces can be described via energy quantum exchange and density gradients, unified under a frequency-based framework.

This theory introduces an \textbf{energy quantum framework}, classifying force-carrying particles (e.g., photons, gluons, gravitons) by their frequency ranges, forming an energy quantum frequency table. Energy quanta are quantized energy transfer mediators, governed by the Planck formula \( \Delta E = h f \), where \( h \approx 4.1357 \times 10 {-15} \, \text{eV-s} \), and frequency \( f \) determines their energy and interaction properties. The classification includes:

Also from

Li, Longji

View All

Also in

Physics

View All