Argentina: A história e o legado da nação desde a era colonial até hoje
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Publisher: Independently Published
Published: Oct 23 2020
Pages: 182
Weight: 0.96
Height: 0.39 Width: 8.50 Depth: 11.00
Language: Portuguese
Na época em que Cristóvão Colombo começou a partir do Novo Mundo para o leste, ele havia explorado San Salvador nas Bahamas (que ele pensava ser o Japão), Cuba (que ele pensava ser a China) e Hispaniola, a fonte do ouro. Segundo a história comum, Colombo, a caminho de volta à Espanha de sua primeira viagem, apareceu em Lisboa como uma cortesia para informar o rei português João II de sua descoberta do Novo Mundo.Posteriormente, D. João protestou que, de acordo com o Tratado de Alcáçovas de 1479, que dividia o Oceano Atlântico entre as esferas de influência espanhola e portuguesa, as terras recém-descobertas pertenciam justamente a Portugal. Para deixar claro o ponto, uma frota portuguesa foi autorizada e despachada para oeste do Tejo para reivindicar as Índias, o que gerou uma onda de atividade diplomática na corte de Fernando e Isabel. Na época, a Espanha não tinha poder naval para impedir que Portugal agisse contra essa ameaça, e o resultado foi o Tratado de Tordesilhas de 1494, que foi de grande influência.
Até a década de 1930, o nacionalismo sempre tendeu a ser um fenômeno da direita ou dos anarquistas e bolcheviques imigrantes. Agora, porém, a ênfase mudou para o meio termo e, ironicamente, uma das questões que impulsionou o nacionalismo argentino foi a presença britânica descomunal nos assuntos argentinos, alimentada recentemente pelo acordo comercial preferencial. Talvez o mais importante seja que a apreensão pelos britânicos em 1833 das Islas Malvinas (ou como os britânicos as denominaram, as Ilhas Falkland) permaneceu um ponto sensível.
Essa onda de nacionalismo cultural foi muito diferente do nacionalismo político mais visceral anterior que reuniu um número considerável de seguidores em Buenos Aires entre os intelectuais liberais e as classes médias. O movimento ganhou novo ímpeto com a eclosão da Segunda Guerra Mundial e o congelamento dos mercados europeus, junto com a ênfase britânica na preferência imperial como meio de economizar moeda estrangeira. Começaram a ser ouvidos apelos para que as indústrias fossem nacionalizadas, para que as mercadorias deixassem de ser importadas para serem fabricadas no país e para um maior grau de protecionismo e autossuficiência. Ao mesmo tempo, a neutralidade da Argentina durante a guerra foi punida pelos Estados Unidos, que excluiu a Argentina de um programa de armamento de vários países latino-americanos.Isso atingiu as Forças Armadas argentinas com um surto de nervosismo, caso ficassem para trás em questões de preparação militar.
Depois que as tensões aumentaram por mais de um ano, as coisas transcorreram exatamente como os adversários de Perón temiam. Nos meses finais de 1945, sua popularidade havia disparado e parecia inevitável que ele assumisse o controle do governo militar se tivesse permissão para permanecer no poder.
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