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The Pianoforte Sonata: Its Origin and Development
Paperback
Classical MusicMusic Instruction: PianoMusic Reference
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Publisher: Nishelle Books
Pages: 176
Weight: 0.54
Height: 0.38 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
INTRODUCTORY
I
n history we find certain names associated with great movements: Luther
with the Reformation, or Garibaldi with the liberation of Italy. Luther
certainly posted on the door of the church at Wittenberg his famous The-
ses, and burnt the Papal Bull at the gates of that city; yet before Luther there
lived men, such as the scholar Erasmus, who have been appropriately named
Reformers before the Reformation. So, too, Cavour's cautious policy paved
the way for Garibaldi's brilliant victories. Once again, Leonardo da Vinci
is named as the inventor of chiaroscuro, yet he was preceded by Fra Filippo
Lippi. And in similar manner, in music, certain men are associated with cer-
tain forms. Haydn, for example, is called the father of the quartet; close in-
vestigation, however, would show that he was only a link, and certainly not
the first one in a long evolution. So, too, with the sonata. The present vol-
ume is, however, specially concerned with the clavier or pianoforte sonata;
and for that we have a convenient starting-point-the Sonata in B flat of Kuh-
nau, published in 1695. The date is easy to remember, for in that same year
died England's greatest musician, Henry Purcell.
3 J. S. (JOHN SOUTH) SHEDLOCK
Before studying the history of the pianoforte sonata, even in outline, it is
essential that something should be said about the early history of thesonata.
That term appears first to have been used in contradistinction to cantata: the
one was a piecesounded (suonata, from sonando) by instruments; the other,
one sung by voices. The form of these early sonatas (as they appear in Gio-
vanni Gabrieli's works towards the close of the sixteenth century) was vague;
yet, in spite of light imitations, the basis was harmonic, rather than contra-
puntal. They were among the first fruits of the Renaissance in Italy. But
soon there came about a process of differentiation. Praetorius, in his Syn-
tagma musicum, published at Wolfenbuettel in 1619, distinguishes between
the sonata and the canzona. Speaking generally, from the one seems to have
come the sonata proper; from the other, the suite. During the whole of the
eighteenth century there was a continual intercrossing of these two species;
it is no easy matter, therefore, to trace the early stages of development of each
separately.
Marpurg, in his description of various kinds of pieces in his Clavierstuecke,
published at Berlin in 1762, says: Sonatas are pieces in three or four move-
ments, marked merely Allegro, Adagio, Presto, etc., although in character
they may be really an Allemande, Courante, and Gigue. Corelli, as will be
mentioned later on, gave dance titles in addition to Allegro, Adagio,
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