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    Alley-side Pickup: 10am - 7pm

    3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
    612-822-4611

Open Daily: 10am - 10pm | Alley-side Pickup: 10am - 7pm
3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
612-822-4611
The Self-Organizing Soot

The Self-Organizing Soot

Ahmad, Shoaib

Paperback

General Science

ISBN13: 9798812728915
Publisher: Independently Published
Published: Apr 28 2022
Pages: 202
Weight: 0.61
Height: 0.43 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
  1. Be it in the coal-fired chimney or the laser-ablated vacuum chamber, the Soot represents the dynamic system of the emergence of Carbon vapor.
  2. The Linear chains, cyclic rings, sheets and the closed cages, all are formed and constitute the Soot.
  3. In the vacuum chamber, the Soot is the Carbon vapor condensing with higher probabilities for clusters Cx with the increasing number of carbon atoms-x.
  4. The closed cages, without the dangling bonds, are dominated by the increasingly larger cages whose respective heats of formation Ex reduce with the increasing number pf atoms. The isomers for each fullerene has an increasing power law dependence.
  5. Hence, the Soot contains closed cages of carbon with higher probabilities and larger number of isomers for each cage.
  6. Growth habits of the carbon cages are determined by the curvature.
  7. The criteria for fullerene and nanotube growth is determined by the spherical curvature induced by the pentagons in corannulenes and is shown to be the basic, initiating constituent.
  8. The curvature controls the growth of fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes in the Soot.
  9. Formation of the initial ring of five or six atoms is the essential step which with the addition of pentagons and hexagons determines whether a spinning fullerene is to be formed or the cap that lifts up and lead to the formation of a nanotube.
  10. For x>=20, the closed cages start to form and thereafter, have an increasing number of isomers for each x. The initial bottom-up sequence of the increasingly larger cages' formation is followed by the subsequent top-down shrinking cascades.
  11. In this Book, the self-organizing aspect of the carbon cages in the Soot is investigated by the continuum elastic, the quantum mechanical and the information-theoretic models.
  12. Shannon's model of signal transmission in 3-component system based on Transmitter-Channel-Receiver is revisited for developing the model for studying the phenomenon of emergence in nature like the Soot.
  13. The fundamental difference between Shannon's and the model developed and applied in this book is that the information received and sent from the constituents of the 3-component system is allowed to be modified. Such a situation will describe the self-organizing dynamical systems. An information generating and sharing model of the Source(s), Reservoir and the Sink (SRS) is constructed and employed. The information can be in the form of material transfer or the modifications made in the existing structures.
  14. Two distinct stages of the Soot have been identified in this Book; one that deals with the initial assembly of the energy dissipating structures with the local, statistical equilibrium and the other is concerned with re-organization or the self-organization among the already formed structures.
  15. The first stage can be a near-equilibrium assembly. While the latter may be designated as far from equilibrium re-structuring. The formation of closed cages of carbon in various shapes, forms, isomeric densities and statistical distributions in a hot condensing plasma is taken as a typical example of the first stage.
  16. The self-organization of a variety of the cages of the Soot towards the Buckyball is shown as the end-directed emergence.
  17. Self-organizing fullerenes are modelled as dissipative dynamical systems where larger cages transform into smaller ones with the density variation of cages used to calculate transformations probabilities. Shannon entropy is evaluated to calculate the Fractal dimension of all constituents of the dynamical systems.
  18. The models developed and utilized here, can be extended to the emerging, self-organizing dynamical systems elsewhere in nature and to the social and commercial networks.

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