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Testable Embedded C: Build, Test, and Release Reliable Firmware with Unit Tests, Hardware-in-the-Loop, and CI/CD
Paperback
General ComputersIndustrial Design
Publisher: Independently Published
Published: Sep 4 2026
Pages: 280
Weight: 1.08
Height: 0.59 Width: 7.00 Depth: 10.00
Language: English
Embedded systems have a reputation for being difficult to test-and for good reason. Your code does not run in isolation. It interacts with registers, peripherals, interrupts, timing constraints, communication buses, sensors, and physical hardware. A defect that is almost impossible to reproduce on a development machine can become a costly field failure once firmware reaches real devices.
But embedded firmware does not have to be difficult to test.
Testable Embedded C takes a practical, engineering-focused approach to building firmware that can be tested systematically, repeatedly, and with far less dependence on physical hardware.
Rather than treating testing as something added after the firmware is written, this book shows you how to design testability into your firmware architecture from the beginning.
What You Will LearnInside this book, you will learn how to:
- Design embedded C modules that are easier to test and maintain.
- Separate hardware access from application and decision-making logic.
- Apply dependency injection and inversion of control in C.
- Build portable and mockable Hardware Abstraction Layers (HALs).
- Create testable interfaces for GPIO, UART, SPI, and I2C.
- Write effective unit tests using frameworks such as Unity, CppUTest, and GoogleTest.
- Understand when to use mocks, stubs, and fakes-and when not to.
- Inject hardware and communication failures into tests deliberately.
- Test low-level drivers and register-dependent code without relying entirely on physical hardware.
- Validate interrupt service routines and state-machine behavior.
- Identify memory-safety problems, buffer overflows, and stack-related risks.
- Combine host-based testing with target-based and simulator testing.
- Use tools such as QEMU, Renode, and IAR C-SPY for embedded testing and simulation.
- Design and automate Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing.
- Automate firmware flashing, device resets, and test execution.
- Build reliable CI/CD pipelines for embedded firmware.
- Integrate builds, static analysis, unit tests, and hardware testing into continuous integration.
- Measure and interpret code coverage using gcov and lcov.
- Use compiler warnings, MISRA C, and CERT C as part of a practical code-quality strategy.
- Refactor legacy embedded code to improve testability without unnecessarily breaking existing behavior.
- Think about firmware versioning, OTA updates, rollback strategies, flaky tests, and long-term test maintenance.
Testable Embedded C is designed for developers, engineers, and advanced learners who want to move beyond firmware that is tested primarily through manual experimentation on physical devices.
It is particularly useful for:
- Embedded C developers
- Firmware engineers
- Embedded software engineers
- Electronics and hardware engineers who write firmware
- IoT and connected-device developers
- Automotive and industrial embedded developers
- Robotics and control-system developers
- Engineers working with microcontrollers and peripheral drivers
- Developers maintaining or refactoring legacy firmware
- Engineering teams building automated firmware CI/CD pipelines
- Advanced students preparing for professional embedded development
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