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Integrating Phase Change Materials into Commercial HVAC Systems for Peak Load Reduction: Engineering Inorganic Salt Hydrate Thermal Storage, Encapsula
Paperback
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Publisher: Independently Published
Pages: 218
Weight: 0.59
Height: 0.55 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
Commercial buildings are increasingly required to provide reliable thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption, electrical demand, and carbon emissions. At the same time, cooling systems are experiencing more severe peak conditions as outdoor temperatures rise, occupancy patterns become less predictable, and electrical grids face growing demand during hot periods.
Traditional chilled-water HVAC systems are generally designed to meet the highest anticipated cooling load. This approach provides reliability, but it can also result in significant installed chiller capacity that remains underutilized for much of the year. Peak cooling events can therefore drive both high capital costs and substantial electrical demand.
Phase change materials (PCMs) offer an alternative approach to managing this challenge.
Instead of relying exclusively on instantaneous chiller capacity, a PCM thermal-storage system can absorb and store cooling energy when cooling demand or electricity prices are lower and release that stored thermal capacity when the building experiences a peak load. The fundamental advantage comes from latent heat storage: a relatively small quantity of material can store substantial thermal energy through a phase transition.
This book focuses specifically on inorganic salt hydrate PCMs integrated with commercial chilled-water HVAC systems. The objective is not simply to introduce phase change materials, but to examine how engineers can translate PCM technology into practical HVAC applications.
The discussion begins with the thermal characteristics that determine whether a salt hydrate is suitable for a particular application. Melting temperature, latent heat, density, thermal conductivity, supercooling, phase segregation, cycling stability, and material compatibility all influence system performance.
The book then moves from material selection to system engineering. Encapsulation geometry is particularly important because PCM storage performance depends not only on the theoretical latent heat of the material but also on how effectively heat can move into and out of the PCM. Container dimensions, heat-transfer surface area, thermal conductivity, and discharge rates therefore become important design variables.
Integration with chilled-water systems is another major focus. A PCM storage system must operate as part of the larger HVAC plant rather than as an isolated thermal device. Pumps, valves, heat exchangers, chillers, cooling towers, air-handling units, sensors, and building-management systems must work together to charge and discharge the thermal store at appropriate times.
Particular attention is also given to retrofit applications. Many commercial buildings already have functioning chilled-water systems, and replacing the entire cooling plant is often impractical or economically unattractive. PCM storage can potentially provide additional thermal capacity without requiring a proportional increase in chiller capacity. However, successful retrofits require careful assessment of hydraulic capacity, mechanical-room space, controls, operating schedules, existing equipment, and building cooling profiles.
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