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The History of Italian Colonialism in Africa: The Fourth Shore: Mussolini's New Rome and the Price of Wounded Pride
Paperback
Series: A History Of..., Book 9
African HistoryItalian History
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Publisher: Independently Published
Pages: 118
Weight: 0.37
Height: 0.25 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
In 1896, at a place called Adwa, an African army inflicted on a European colonial power the first decisive defeat of its kind in modern history. Ethiopia alone, among every African territory carved up in the Scramble for Africa, entered the twentieth century as a fully sovereign state - and Italy never forgot it.
Forty years later, Benito Mussolini set out to reverse that humiliation, driven by a genuine and sincerely held conviction that Fascist Italy was the rightful modern inheritor of ancient Rome's imperial destiny. What followed was a war fought in direct violation of international law Italy had itself signed - chemical weapons deployed against a civilian population, concentration camps built on a written directive accepting the possible extinction of an entire regional population, and a massacre at Ethiopia's most venerated monastery, deliberately timed to its own religious festival to maximise the dead.
This is the story of Omar Mukhtar, a religious scholar who led Libya's resistance for twenty years and died refusing to submit. Of Haile Selassie, who personally witnessed his own army's dead ringing a poisoned lake, and returned to his capital exactly five years to the day after he was forced to flee it. And of Rodolfo Graziani, the general behind atrocity after atrocity across two African territories, who was never once charged with any of them - convicted instead of an unrelated crime, sentenced to nineteen years, and free again within months.
This book traces Italian colonialism from a single catastrophic battlefield defeat through a genuinely sincere imperial ideology to concentration camps, chemical warfare, and a reckoning that, in Italy itself, has still not fully arrived.
Part of The History of... series.
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