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History of Ancient Civilization
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ArchaeologyAncient History GeneralGeneral World History
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Publisher: Nicolebooks
Pages: 302
Weight: 0.89
Height: 0.63 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
THE ORIGINS OF CIVILIZATION
P
REHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY
=Prehistoric Remains.=-One often finds buried in the earth, weapons, im-
plements, human skeletons, debris of every kind left by men of whom we
have no direct knowledge. These are dug up by the thousand in all the
provinces of France, in Switzerland, in England, in all Europe; they are found
even in Asia and Africa. It is probable that they exist in all parts of the world.
These remains are called prehistoric because they are more ancient than writ-
ten history. For about fifty years men have been engaged in recovering and
studying them. Today most museums have a hall, or at least, some cases filled
with these relics. A museum at Saint-German-en-Laye, near Paris, is entirely
given up to prehistoric remains. In Denmark is a collection of more than
30,000 objects. Every day adds to the discoveries as excavations are made,
houses built, and cuts made for railroads.
These objects are not found on the surface of the ground, but ordinarily
buried deeply where the earth has not been disturbed. They are recovered
3 CHARLES SEIGNOBOS
from a stratum of gravel or clay which has been deposited gradually and has
fixed them in place safe from the air, a sure proof that they have been there
for a long time.
=Prehistoric Science.=-Scholars have examined the debris and have asked
themselves what men have left them. From their skeletons, they have tried
to construct their physical appearance; from their tools, the kind of life they
led. They have determined that these instruments resemble those used by
certain savages today. The study of all these objects constitutes a new science,
Prehistoric Archaeology.[1]
=The Four Ages.=-Prehistoric remains come down to us from very diverse
races of men; they have been deposited in the soil at widely different epochs
since the time when the mammoth lived in western Europe, a sort of gigantic
elephant with woolly hide and curved tusks. This long lapse of time may be
divided into four periods, called Ages:
1. The Rough Stone Age.
2. The Polished Stone Age.
3. The Bronze Age.
4. The Iron Age.
The periods take their names from the materials used in the manufacture of
the tools, -stone, bronze, iron. These epochs, however, are of very unequal
length. It may be that the Rough Stone Age was ten times as long as the Age
of Iron.
THE ROUGH STONE AGE
=Gravel Debris.=-The oldest remains of the Stone Age have been found in
the gravels. A French scholar found between 1841 and 1853, in the valley of
the Somme, certain sharp instruments made of flint. They were buried to a
depth of six metres in gravel under three layers of clay, gravel, and marl which
had never been broken up. In the same place they discovered bones of
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