Open Daily: 10am - 10pm | Alley door pickup 10am - 7pm 3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
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  • Open Daily: 10am - 10pm
    Alley-side Pickup: 10am - 7pm

    3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
    612-822-4611

Open Daily: 10am - 10pm | Alley-side Pickup: 10am - 7pm
3038 Hennepin Ave Minneapolis, MN
612-822-4611
Fluoride Contamination and Health Risks in Punjab's Malwa Region

Fluoride Contamination and Health Risks in Punjab's Malwa Region

Duggal, Vikas
Sharma, Samriti

Paperback

General Science

ISBN10: 6209382088
ISBN13: 9786209382086
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Published: Dec 9 2025
Pages: 64
Weight: 0.22
Height: 0.15 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: English
Fluoride levels in 745 groundwater samples from seven districts of Punjab ranged from 0.1-17.5 mg/L (mean 2.1 mg/L), with 49.7% exceeding the WHO/BIS limit of 1.5 mg/L. Bathinda, Muktsar, Faridkot, and Mansa showed the highest contamination, strongly linked to elevated TDS and EC, indicating geochemical and anthropogenic influences. Shallow aquifers were more polluted than deeper ones. Hazard quotient analysis showed HQ > 1 for most age groups in four districts, with children and teenagers facing the greatest non-carcinogenic risk. High fluoride exposure suggests increased likelihood of dental and skeletal fluorosis, especially in areas exceeding 10 mg/L. Industrial and agricultural activities contribute significantly to contamination. The study concludes that groundwater in the Malwa Belt is largely unsafe for drinking, requiring treatment and evaluation of alternative water sources.

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