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Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance

Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance

Hardcover

Botany & HorticultureChemistryEnvironmental Studies

ISBN10: 9811326517
ISBN13: 9789811326516
Publisher: Springer Nature
Published: May 8 2019
Pages: 301
Weight: 1.39
Height: 0.75 Width: 6.14 Depth: 9.21
Language: English
The earliest land-plants evolved around 450 million years ago from aquatic plants devoid of vascular systems. The diversification of flowering plants (angiosperms) during the Cretaceous period is associated with speciation in insects. Early insect herbivores were mandibulate, but the evolution of vascular plants led to the co-evolution of other forms of herbivory, such as leaf feeding, sap-sucking, leaf mining, tissue borer, gall forming and nectar-feeding. Plant defense against biotic stress is an adaptive evolution by plants to increase their fitness. Plants use a variety of strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Plant defense mechanisms are either inbuilt or induced. Inbuilt mechanisms are always present within the plant, while induced defenses are produced or mobilized to the site where a plant is injured. Induced defense mechanisms include morphological, physiological changes and production of secondary metabolites.

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Environmental Studies