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What Mandate of Heaven Means to Confucius: 孔子心目中的天命
Paperback
Publisher Price: $20.00
ISBN13: 9781647845353
Publisher: Ehgbooks
Published: Feb 1 2013
Pages: 198
Weight: 0.65
Height: 0.45 Width: 6.00 Depth: 9.00
Language: Chinese
關於孔子的博學多聞，司馬遷記錄了兩則傳聞。〈史記．孔子世家〉在「定公立五年，夏，季平子卒，桓子嗣立」之後，緊接著就寫「季桓子穿井得土缶」，問於仲尼云「得狗」，孔子回答說是羊：「丘聞之，木石之怪，夔、罔閬；水之怪，龍、罔象；土之怪，墳羊」。這或許反映了孔子的考古知識。
另一段也很離奇。「吳伐越，墮會稽，得骨節專車」，吳國特地遣使問仲尼，問了「骨何者最大」、「誰為神」、「防風何守」、「人長幾何」一堆怪問題。孔子逐一答覆，既明確又肯定，不教來使失望，「於是吳客曰：『善哉聖人！』」傳中「善哉聖人」一句的意指，和春秋時代以聰敏多知、多能為聖人的概念相符合。
即使是在孔子的時代，他的博學多聞也是有目共睹的，朝野都有人注意到。某達巷黨人感歎孔子「博學而無所成名」；某大宰也向子貢打聽「夫子聖者與？何其多能也？」而在另一個場合，孔子更主動問子貢：「女以予為多學而識之者與？」子貢回答那是當然的，難道不是嗎？有意思的是，孔子卻說：「非也，予一以貫之。」
孔子並不是否認人們關於他的博學多聞、多才多藝的看法，他要指出的是，還有在博、多之外的一些什麼才是最根本的，這和所學、所聞、所能不在同一個層次。「多學而識之」是聰明，「一以貫之」則涉及了內在的真實體驗。
「孔子以詩書禮樂教。」（〈孔子世家〉）對《詩》、《書》的熟稔是不必說的；對禮、樂，孔子從理論和實務兩方面也都作出了貢獻，而且他喜歡唱歌。（「子與人歌而善，必使反之，而後和之。」〈述而〉）至於實用技能的射、御、書、數，乃至兵戎教戰之事，孔子的修為也不在話下。
孔子既豐富又深刻，是真正符合了當今全人教育理念的一位全人，而他生活的年代距今已經兩千五百年。「哲人日已遠，典型在夙昔。」從十七歲懂得讀書的意義以來，孔子就一直是我心目中的哲人典型之一。孟子曰：「讀&#
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